Você já se perguntou por que algumas coisas culturais não se chamam subcultura? Vivemos numa época cheia de termos como “subcultura” e “cultura alternativa”. Mas será que realmente entendemos o que significam? É importante captar as diferenças para saber o que hoje não se enquadra em subcultura.
Veja bem, trabalhos profissionais não caem na categoria de subcultura. Isso porque eles se baseiam mais na área de trabalho do que em cultura específica. Já as subculturas verdadeiras estão mais conectadas com coisas como raça, etnia, religião, local ou então com ideias e arte únicas.
Quando olhamos para estudos sobre subculturas novinhas, tudo fica mais claro. Em Portugal, pesquisas de uma década exploraram jovens, subculturas e a mídia digital. Descobriram que coisas como o rap de protesto e o grafite ilegal têm uma pegada rebelde, algo que vai além de um trabalho normal.
Esses movimentos têm ideologias e dinâmicas exclusivas, bem diferentes dos grupos formados só por trabalho. Subculturas são mais sobre expressar e compartilhar uma identidade coletiva. Isso mostra que nem todos os grupos culturais se encaixam no molde de subcultura.
Definição de subcultura na sociedade contemporânea
Uma subcultura é um grupo dentro de uma cultura maior. Seus membros compartilham interesses, etnia, ou estilo de vida. Na sociedade atual, as subculturas surgem como formas alternativas de expressão. Elas desafiam os valores e normas predominantes. Grupos como punks, hippies e gamers são exemplos dessa diferenciação.
No mundo dos negócios, as subculturas emergem como respostas à cultura organizacional. Existem três tipos: tecnológica, institucional e expressiva. Pesquisadores da USP mostram como elas variam em tarefas e relações pessoais dentro das empresas. Áreas como Vendas e Pesquisa se destacam nessas observações.
Para entender as subculturas nas empresas, usamos métodos estatísticos. Assim, percebemos as diferenças dentro e entre organizações. Etzioni (1974) e Basil & Cook (1974) fornecem bases para essa análise, mostrando a diversidade e complexidade das estruturas internas.
Além de estruturas organizacionais, as subculturas no trabalho expressam singularidades. Elas simbolizam grupos que buscam identidade única na sociedade.
O conceito de cultura se estende ao patrimônio imaterial e material. Mostrando a importância de tradições e rituais. Edward Tylor e Darcy Ribeiro destacaram o valor da nossa miscigenação cultural. No Brasil, o encontro de diferentes etnias criou uma rica tapeçaria de tradições.
Diferença entre subcultura e cultura dominante
Entender a diferença entre subcultura e cultura dominante ajuda a compreender como a sociedade funciona. A cultura dominante inclui as tradições e valores que a maioria das pessoas segue. Já as subculturas são grupos menores que têm suas próprias crenças e práticas.
Esses grupos menores podem surgir por vários motivos. Eles podem ser baseados em idade, etnia, preferências musicais ou outros interesses. As subculturas usam símbolos e linguagens próprios que são diferentes dos usados pela maioria das pessoas. Um exemplo é a subcultura gótica, conhecida por suas roupas pretas e maquiagem branca.
Existe também o conceito de contracultura. Ele se refere a grupos que não só são diferentes, mas também desafiam abertamente a cultura dominante. No entanto, nem todas as subculturas buscam confronto direto. Muitas apenas oferecem um modo de vida alternativo, coexistindo pacificamente.
O contato entre a subcultura e a cultura dominante pode levar as duas a se influenciarem mutuamente. Isso acontece por meio da adaptação e troca de elementos culturais. Um bom exemplo são as influências indígenas na cultura brasileira, especialmente na culinária e no uso de plantas para fins medicinais.
Para concluir, enquanto a cultura dominante estabelece o padrão, as subculturas enriquecem a sociedade com sua diversidade. Sua existência alternativa, muitas vezes questionadora, promove a evolução constante da cultura em geral.
A influência da tecnologia nas subculturas
A tecnologia mudou como as subculturas se comunicam. A internet e os media digitais oferecem novos meios para elas se expressarem. Por exemplo, o rap de protesto e o grafite ilegal usam a internet para chegar a mais pessoas.
Islam, Jasimuddin e Hasan (2015) dizem que a tecnologia afeta como as culturas organizacionais operam. Joan Woodward (1965) notou que tipos diferentes de tecnologia mudam a estrutura das organizações. Segundo Perrow (1984), existem quatro tipos de tecnologias que impactam isso:
- Tecnologias rotineiras: problemas analisáveis com poucas exceções.
- Tecnologias de engenharia: problemas analisáveis com muitas exceções.
- Tecnologias de artesanato: problemas não analisáveis com poucas exceções.
- Tecnologias não rotineiras: problemas não analisáveis com muitas exceções.
Thompson (1976) divide as tecnologias em intensivas, long linked e mediadoras. Essa divisão mostra que a tecnologia afeta como as coisas são coordenadas nas subculturas.
Os media digitais ajudam a unir pessoas com interesses comuns. Isso cria um lugar para as subculturas crescerem. Lawrence e Lorsch (1973) apontam que lidar com várias tecnologias é um desafio. Isso aumenta a complexidade, algo que as subculturas também enfrentam.
Assim, a tecnologia tem muitos efeitos nas subculturas. Afeta desde como são organizadas até como se comunicam. Antes, os movimentos, como o dos hippies, se reuniam pessoalmente. Agora, a tecnologia une pessoas com interesses parecidos mais facilmente e rápido.
Subculturas efêmeras e sua transitoriedade
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Tendências atuais que não se enquadram em subculturas
As tendências atuais entre os jovens são diferentes das antigas subculturas. Elas não têm uma identidade ou oposição forte à cultura de massas. Por exemplo, muitos jovens usam redes como TikTok e Instagram. Mas isso não forma uma subcultura própria. Isso acontece porque todo mundo usa esses apps, sem ser contra a cultura comum.
Muitas vezes, o que guia os jovens são modas que vêm e vão. Elas não se baseiam em ideias fortes ou numa vontade de resistir. O comportamento juvenil de hoje em dia segue muito o que influencers e famosos fazem. Isso torna difícil o surgimento de subculturas reais, com ideias próprias e que desafiam o normal.
A rapidez com que as informações circulam ajuda essas modas a se espalharem rápido. Assim, algumas músicas ou estilos de roupa ficam em alta. Contudo, eles não formam grupos com uma cultura única e duradoura.
Por isso, mesmo que as tendências atuais mostrem um pouco do que os jovens gostam agora, elas não são como subculturas de verdade. Na realidade, elas se misturam à cultura de massas. Essa cultura grande engloba e muda os elementos que podiam originar subculturas mais fortes e definidas.
Futuro das subculturas no Brasil e no mundo
O futuro das subculturas será muito influenciado pela globalização e a tecnologia. Cada vez mais, culturas de todo o mundo se misturam. Isso acontece muito no Brasil, onde a diversidade é uma parte importante da sociedade.
As subculturas têm um papel importante em movimentos sociais, principalmente entre os jovens. Com as redes sociais, esses grupos se organizam de forma rápida e eficiente. Por exemplo, a cultura hip-hop em Ceilândia tem usado a internet para promover mudanças.
Subculturas podem aparecer e desaparecer rapidamente por causa da internet. Mas algumas deixam impactos duradouros. Problemas como as “cracolândias” mostram como subculturas podem influenciar políticas e a sociedade.
Na era da globalização e da tecnologia, empresas e governos precisam prestar atenção nessas tendências. Entender as subculturas ajuda a prever mudanças na sociedade e na cultura do futuro.